中國上班族壓力全球第一 年均60萬過勞死

　　Nearly eight out of 10 Chinese workers became more stressed in the past year, a new survey has found。

　　The survey by Regus, a global workplace-solutions provider, recently polled more than 16,000 workers in 80 countries。

　　Seventy-five percent of Chinese workers polled said that their stress levels had risen in the past year, according to the survey。

　　It found that 48 percent of workers globally felt growing pressure in the past year。

　　The smallest increases in stress worldwide were in Australia and the Netherlands, where just 38 percent and 40 percent of workers said they had experienced more stress。

　　Chinese workers' stress mainly comes from work, individual financial status and clients, the survey found。

　　In China, workers in Shanghai and Beijing felt the highest rise in stress in the past year, it said。

　　In Shanghai, 80 percent of workers said their stress levels rose. In Beijing, the figure is 67 percent。

　　Wang Fang, 34, works at a Beijing-based media organization。

　　"My husband and I have just bought a new apartment, and we have almost exhausted the money we have at hand for decoration, which cost about 200,000 yuan ($32,000). We will begin to pay back the housing loan next year, which is estimated to be around 10,000 yuan per month," she said。

　　Wang said her stress is increasing because her husband just quit his job and started his own business。

　　"When I am feeling stressed, I always try to talk to friends who are a long distance from me. But honestly, I am too busy to sense the mental ups and downs. I am too busy to feel them," she said。

　　Jiang Xue is a sales manager at a company in Wuxi that specializes in exporting advertising billboards。

　　Jiang said the biggest pressure she faces is from work。

　　"Our company has received zero orders so far this year. Sales people live on bonuses. How am I supposed to continue to live on a basic salary that is less than 2,000 yuan a month?" she sighed。

　　The 29-year-old said she has another source of pressure, which is more personal。

　　"I am feeling pressure every day as everybody around me is pushing me to get married, including my mom and dad, all the relatives, colleagues at work and even neighbors who know me well. It was nothing at first, but you will know how stressful it is if the same topic goes on and on," she said。

　　Hou Jianfeng, who works at a accounting firm in Shanghai that has received foreign investment, said he has decided to resign at the end of the year because of growing pressure at work。

　　Hou said he often works till midnight and sometimes on the weekends because his boss assigns him several projects at once。

　　"I'm already used to overworking, but my neck and waist sometimes ache because I have to sit in a chair for quite a long time every day and don't get to exercise," he said. "The boss wants to promote me next year, but that means I would be busier. I don't think I can hold my job until then."

　　A recent survey by Insight China, a State-run magazine that looks into Chinese people's welfare, showed that nearly 70 percent of Chinese are overworked and more than 40 percent spend less than 10 hours a week on leisure。

　　Wei Xiang, an expert in the leisure economy at Beijing International Studies University, said China's current economic development stage as a labor-intensive economy has made most Chinese people want to earn money instead of take leisure time。

　　Xia Xueluan, a sociologist with Peking University, said Chinese people, especially young workers, always consider how to acquire material resources as quickly as possible as the country rapidly develops。

　　"A booming desire for material easily transfers into stress," he said。

　　At a young age, Chinese are educated by teachers and parents to strive to do better than others in academic study or work, he said: "Pressure is unavoidable if one lives in such an environment," he said。

　　The per capita income of Chinese people is still comparatively low, and the country's social security system is yet to efficiently cover all citizens, Xia said。

　　"When China's social security and welfare system can efficiently benefit people, workers' stress status will change."

　　Li Juan, an expert at the institute of psychology under the Chinese Academy of Sciences, said stress can lead to both physical and psychological problems such as sleeplessness, anorexia and depression。

　　"Many people could hardly find the roots of those problems," she said。

　　To help relieve pressure, Li suggests spending more time on outdoor activities and improving work efficiency。

　　"You can think on the way to your workplace every day about how many things you have to finish today and how much time you have to finish them," she said. "Efficiently use your time, and a wise work plan will bring you less stress."

　　Visiting a psychiatrist is also a good way to free yourself from stress, Li said。

　　被稱為“史上最長黃金周”的中秋、國慶假期剛過，一家世界知名辦公方案提供商——雷格斯就發(fā)布了它的最新調(diào)查結(jié)果：中國內(nèi)地上班族在過去一年內(nèi) 所承受的壓力，位列全球第一。這似乎在解釋，為何“黃金周”變成了一年一次的“擁堵周”。調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示，中國是目前世界上壓力最大的國家。在全球80個國 家和地區(qū)的1.6萬名職場人士中，認(rèn)為壓力高于去年的，中國內(nèi)地占75%，香港地區(qū)占55%，分列第一和第四，都大大超出全球的平均值48%。其中，上 海、北京分別以80%、67%排在城市的前列。人口龐大、社會轉(zhuǎn)型、欲望膨脹，這個不折不扣的“壓力之國”，亟需有人為它開出合適的藥方。

　　在購物、網(wǎng)絡(luò)中逃離，通過憤怒發(fā)泄

　　中國的國慶“黃金周”在外國人眼中是這樣的，“13億人在同一時間進(jìn)入假期，8600萬人擠上高速公路。”據(jù)中國相關(guān)部門的統(tǒng)計(jì)，這8天內(nèi)，還 有760萬人次乘飛機(jī)出游，6095萬人次坐火車遠(yuǎn)行，4.25億人次涌進(jìn)全國大大小小的旅游景點(diǎn)，7700萬人次邁出國門，1800億元花在國內(nèi)旅游市 場，800億美元豪擲到其他國家……有調(diào)查顯示，八成人將長途旅游作為減壓的首選方式。對于“在路上”的中國人來說，旅游意味著“逃離”——逃離朝九晚五 的工作，逃離家庭、單位兩點(diǎn)一線的生活軌跡。

　　在北京一家外企工作的王琳國慶長假中瘋狂“血拼”了一把。已經(jīng)28歲的她至今仍和父母住在一起，沒房、沒車、沒有男朋友，耳邊是父母早中晚三遍 的嘮叨，催著她快點(diǎn)結(jié)婚生子。看著周圍的朋友成家立業(yè)、買大房子、開名車，她心里酸溜溜的。長假出境旅游，成了她唯一的精神支柱。直到假期結(jié)束，她所期待 的異國邂逅也沒有發(fā)生，信用卡卻刷爆了3張——名牌服裝、包、首飾足足花去了3萬多元。但她并不為自己的非理性消費(fèi)后悔，因?yàn)樵谒{(lán)天美景下購物交款的一剎 那，她覺得自己美麗、幸福、富有，忘卻了原先所有的壓力。

　　“老婆你好！我知錯了，我不該沉迷網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲。可是說真的，我并沒迷上網(wǎng)絡(luò)這個東西，我只是難以承受生活和工作上的壓力。”這是李先生寫給妻子張 女士的一封信，兩年來他第一次向妻子敞開心扉，表達(dá)自己的感受和想法。看著丈夫?qū)懡o自己的信，張女士掉下了眼淚。她告訴記者：“丈夫找了幾次工作都不順 利，就自暴自棄，在家里上網(wǎng)，沉迷網(wǎng)游，也不說話。”截至2011年12月，中國互聯(lián)網(wǎng)用戶達(dá)5.13億，為全球第一，通過手機(jī)上網(wǎng)的人數(shù)高達(dá)3.56 億。網(wǎng)絡(luò)是交流工具，更是排解壓力的新渠道，除了網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲，在各大論壇里瞎逛、到網(wǎng)店淘寶、去博客和微博發(fā)泄情緒和不滿，似乎都能讓人暫時忘掉現(xiàn)實(shí)中的不 快。

　　10月6日，四川航空公司一架航班上，一名男子取行李時與前排乘客發(fā)生口角，繼而升級為斗毆。10月7日，廣州地鐵上一名六旬老人與一個28歲 男子因排隊(duì)和爭座互毆，現(xiàn)場血跡斑斑。10月8日，北京地鐵里，兩名年輕女子先后和一名老人發(fā)生爭吵推搡……每個壓力下的國人都像是一座彈藥庫，點(diǎn)火就 著，一點(diǎn)小小的摩擦都能引發(fā)激烈的沖突。

　　壓力背后無非是個“錢”

　　壓力到底來自于哪里？雷格斯的調(diào)查顯示，“工作”、“個人經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況”、“來自老板的壓力”排在前三位。三者的背后無非就是個“錢”字。

　　經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展下的欲壑難填。有學(xué)者指出，老牌資本主義國家享受著500多年的歷史積累，其中的原始積累長達(dá)300年，而我們的積累剛剛開始。別人 300年的焦慮，我們要在30年內(nèi)消化。膨脹的欲望帶來的是急劇增加的壓力。就像日本著名經(jīng)濟(jì)戰(zhàn)略家大前研一所說，“急功近利、膚淺浮躁、缺乏思考的社會 現(xiàn)象成為現(xiàn)代社會的一種流行病。”如何最快、最多地獲取物質(zhì)資源，成為人們背負(fù)的最大壓力。

　　社會保障體系的滯后。中年人上有老下有小，承擔(dān)著養(yǎng)家糊口的主要責(zé)任，當(dāng)社會應(yīng)提供的醫(yī)療、養(yǎng)老、教育等福利保障不夠完善時，個人身上的擔(dān)子就顯得尤其沉重。北京大學(xué)(微博)社會學(xué)系教授、博士生導(dǎo)師夏學(xué)鑾認(rèn)為，中國人目前處于“生，生不起；死，死不起”的狀況，就連殯葬這樣本應(yīng)屬于社會保障的項(xiàng)目，都變得唯利是圖。

　　光宗耀祖的傳統(tǒng)文化。夏學(xué)鑾說，在西方人的教育里，孩子從小要學(xué)會盡一份社會責(zé)任；而在東方，尤其是儒家傳統(tǒng)教育里，孩子從小就被要求好好學(xué) 習(xí)，長大光宗耀祖，為家族增光。這導(dǎo)致很多人成年后具有強(qiáng)烈的競爭意識，在學(xué)校一定要考第一名，在單位一定要當(dāng)上領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，否則就會被認(rèn)為不思進(jìn)取，沒有出 息。在這樣的環(huán)境中，壓力總是如影隨形。

　　缺少心靈的出口。壓力就像洪水，蓄積到一定程度，就需要釋放。然而，多數(shù)中國人的選擇是壓抑。中國科學(xué)院心理研究所副教授李新影指出，很多國人 即使出現(xiàn)了失眠、厭食、胃痛等軀體反應(yīng)，也沒有意識去挖掘問題的根源。缺乏心理學(xué)常識，使得人們不愿尋求心理醫(yī)生的幫助。他們往往認(rèn)為：一、只要找心理醫(yī) 生，就代表有病；二、心理科學(xué)不值得信任；三、花錢找人“聊天”，不值。西南大學(xué)(微博)心理學(xué)副教授楊東也認(rèn)為，多數(shù)中國人不習(xí)慣像西方人那樣，理性解決心理困擾，他們或隱忍在心底，或干脆通過發(fā)火來宣泄，很少求助專業(yè)人士。

　　過勞死、抑郁癥、自殺、焦慮，全都來自于壓力

　　上世紀(jì)七八十年代，經(jīng)濟(jì)迅速發(fā)展造成日本大量中青年人因過度疲勞而猝死。如今，中國已超越日本，成為“過勞死”大國，一年過勞死亡的人數(shù)達(dá)60 萬。巨大的工作壓力是導(dǎo)致過勞死的主要原因。中國人力資源開發(fā)網(wǎng)一項(xiàng)調(diào)查顯示，80%以上的企業(yè)存在員工經(jīng)常加班的現(xiàn)象。《中國之聲》報(bào)道，我國職場人僅 三成能享受帶薪休假，全世界最短。《生命時報(bào)》一項(xiàng)調(diào)查也顯示，所有受訪白領(lǐng)中，僅12.28%的人認(rèn)為自己完全健康，超過四成人覺得自己處于“亞健康” 狀態(tài)。

　　英國醫(yī)學(xué)雜志《柳葉刀》的調(diào)查顯示，目前每10個中國人中就有1個患精神障礙疾病，其中與心理因素密切相關(guān)的抑郁癥和焦慮癥人數(shù)急劇上升。如 今，抑郁癥困擾著中國2600萬人。《柳葉刀》預(yù)計(jì)，中國患抑郁障礙的人群，有可能達(dá)到6100萬，且絕大多數(shù)從未就診。雖然抑郁癥的病因很復(fù)雜，但壓力 過大、持續(xù)得不到排解無疑是其中重要的一項(xiàng)。

　　中國的自殺人數(shù)目前排在世界首位。世界衛(wèi)生組織一項(xiàng)統(tǒng)計(jì)顯示，全球每天有3000人自殺，其中由于職場壓力所導(dǎo)致的自殺，在近年內(nèi)上升了兩倍。據(jù)估計(jì)，中國每年有11萬左右的自殺者，多處于15歲—34歲，其中近一半是精神健全者。

　　“有壓力覺得累，沒壓力覺得可怕”，這已經(jīng)成了中國人普遍的焦慮。當(dāng)壓力不斷增加，相當(dāng)一部分人所感覺到的焦慮，就從一種普遍的情緒體驗(yàn)，變成 了精神障礙疾病。在中國，患有精神障礙疾病的自殺未遂者中，近四成患有焦慮癥。住房、工作、婚姻成為引發(fā)城市居民焦慮的主要誘因。

　　遠(yuǎn)離這個時代，顯然是不可能的。楊東認(rèn)為，尋找心靈寄托可以作為自己減少不滿、排解壓力的方式之一。不管是哪種信仰，其所貫徹的處世之道都會讓你心態(tài)更平和、減少因欲望過強(qiáng)而產(chǎn)生不良情緒的機(jī)會。

　　專家提示，當(dāng)你出現(xiàn)易忘事、做怪夢、下巴疼痛、牙齦疼痛出血、重度痛經(jīng)等癥狀時，就要認(rèn)真反思一下自己是否壓力過大了。玩節(jié)奏適中、畫面輕松的休閑游戲，多吃牛奶、海帶、魚肉等富含鈣和維生素B1的食物，都能幫人暫時遠(yuǎn)離壓力，讓身心得到放松。